Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, south-western Madagascar (4315971898)

Lake Tsimanampetsotsa (french: Lac Tsimanampetsotsa) (also called Lake Tsimanampesotse) is a moderately alkaline lake in the Toliara Province, in the southwestern part of Madagascar. It is located at around . The lake is protected within Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and it is also within a Ramsar site. The

Ramsar site A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention,8 ha (O) *** Permanent 8 ha (P) *** Seasonal Intermittent < 8 ha(Ts) **

Malagasy means "lake without dolphins". It is a sacred place for worship, ceremonies and rituals. Local taboos prevent water pollution. Swimming and the utilisation of pirogues is prohibited. Water, mud and some plants from the lake are used in traditional medicine (Tahirindraza and Marikandia 2015).Rasoloariniaina, JR. 2017. Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar.

African Journal of Aquatic Science The ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the aquatic sciences in Africa. It was established in 1975 as ''Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa'' and renamed in 1989 as ...

. 42. 191-199. 10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532. The lake is about 20 km long, about 2 km wide and is quite shallow (maximum depth about 2 m). It is situated in a collapse area of the Mahfaly Plateau, in a closed evaporite basin with cliffs of Eocene marine limestone to the east and a wide strip of alluvium, capping low outcrops of limestone to the west.Loewen, M. A., Samonds, K. E., and Ramarolahy, M. F. 2001. Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake In Madagascar. The Geological Society of America (GSA), Annual Meeting, November 5–8, 2001. The area is covered by sand deposits of recent and Quaternary origin. In pre-history, there was a paleolake here complete with overland drainage (deltaic sediments laid down by a paleodrainage system have been found). The paleolake was much greater in size and depth, as evidenced by strand lines that ring the outer edges of the basin. The water is “sodic”, highly mineralised and moderately alkaline (pH ~ 8.0) with relatively high concentrations of ammonia and phosphate. Salt concentrations approach that found in seawater, becoming somewhat diluted during the rainy season. The lake may be directly connected to the sea, but this is a matter of conjecture that has not been verified. The eastern part of the lake receives some freshwater flow and so has consistently lower salt concentrations than the western part. The basin is shallow resulting in dramatic variation in the surface area of the lake with even small changes in water level. Water levels can drop significantly during the dry season, resulting in a broad exposed area of seasonal hypersaline flats around a shrunken lake.

Climate and Hydrology

Lake Tsimanampetsotsa is in an area with a semi-arid climate; daytime temperatures are high and precipitation low. It is in the lowest precipitation region in Madagascar, receiving only 300 mm of rain per year. In addition, rainfall amount and location is highly unpredictable; rain often falls only locally. There are no surface rivers here and the lake has no inlet or outlet. Lake levels are tied to rainfall, along with some underground flow from aquifers located further inland. There is a network of groundwater that surfaces at the foot of the Mahfaly Plateau, with three permanent springs (Mande, Andranonaomby and Manava) and numerous seeps and intermittent springs. Lake levels rise with sufficient rainfall, and drop when water evaporates faster than it is being replenished.

Vegetation

Emergent plant species able to grow in the sodic water include southern cattail ('' Typha domingensis'') and flat-sedge ('' Cyperus'' spp.). Glasswort (''

Salicornia pachystachya ''Salicornia'' is a genus of succulent, halophytic (salt tolerant) flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. ''Salicornia'' species are native to North America, Europe, Central Asia, ...

'') is one of the few species that can tolerate extreme salinity, so it is usually found alone on highly saline sites. Other salt-tolerant species move onto the flats as the water levels recede including '' Salsola littoralis, Atripex perrieri'', as well as some grasses ('' Sporobolus virginicus, Paspalum vaginatum'') and the golden leather fern (''

Acrostichum aureum ''Acrostichum aureum'', the golden leather fern, is a large species of fern that grows in mangrove swamps and other wet locations. Other common names include swamp fern and mangrove fern. Description The golden leather fern has large fronds ...

''). The introduced species beach sheoak (''

Casuarina equisetifolia ''Casuarina equisetifolia'', common names ''Coastal She-oak'' or ''Horsetail She-oak'' (sometimes referred to as the Australian pine tree or whistling pine tree outside Australia), is a she-oak species of the genus ''Casuarina''. The native ...

'') can be found in small stands along the east shore.

Aquatic Fauna

High phosphate concentrations, originating from erosion, are thought to be the main factor limiting the diversity of aquatic fauna. There are no fish. Invertebrates belonging to four taxonomic groups (Annelida, Gastropoda, Crustacea and Insecta) have been documented. Taxonomic richness was at its highest (15 taxa) in April (rainy season) and decreased to 11 taxa in August (dry season). The eastern part of the lake had consistently more species then the western part, probably because of the consistently lower salt concentrations. The crustaceans were the most widespread species. The aquatic fauna documented in Lake Tsimanampetsotsa is as follows: * Annelida (ringed or segmented worms), family

Glossiphoniidae Glossiphoniidae are a family of freshwater proboscis-bearing leeches. These leeches are generally flattened, and have a poorly defined anterior sucker. Most suck the blood of freshwater vertebrates like amphibians, crocodilians and aquatic tu ...

(freshwater jawless leeches). * Gastropoda species (snails and slugs): ''

Planorbis planorbis ''Planorbis planorbis'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastro ...

'' (Planorbidae) (ram's horn snails), ''

Georissa ''Georissa'' is a genus of minute land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrocenidae. Although the species are best known for living on the surface of limestone rocks, they are often also found in and on the vegetation and on ...

petiti'' (Hydrocanidae) and ''

Potamopyrgus ''Potamopyrgus'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Tateidae.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2014); Criscione and Ponder 2013. ''Potamopyrgus'' Stimpson, 1865. Accesse ...

'' sp. (Hydrobiidae) (mud snails). * Crustacea species (crustaceans): '' Grandidierella mahafalensis'' (Aoridae) and '' Halmyrapseudes thaumastocheles'' (Apseudidae). Insects found included: flies (Diptera); beetles, including nymph of the Dytiscidae (diving beetles) and adults of the Hydroptilidae and Elmidae families; mayflies ( Ephemeroptera); bugs (Hemiptera) from 3 families (

Naucoridae Naucoridae is a small family of insects commonly known as the creeping water bugs and saucer bugs. They are similar in appearance and behavior to Belostomatidae (giant water bugs), but considerably smaller, at long. Naucoridae are found around the ...

, Veliidae and Notonectidae); dragonflies of the

Libellulidae The skimmers or perchers and their relatives form the Libellulidae, the largest dragonfly family in the world. It is sometimes considered to contain the Corduliidae as the subfamily Corduliinae and the Macromiidae as the subfamily Macromiinae. Ev ...

family and damselflies of the Coenagrionidae family.

Birds

More than 34 bird species are recorded from the lake area. Greater flamingos ('' Phoenicopterus roseus'') are at times present in large numbers and nest on the lake. Lesser flamingos ('' Phoenicopterus minor'') have also been seen here. The lake and saline flats constitute an important habitat for many threatened water bird species, such as Madagascan plover (''

Charadrius thoracicus The Madagascar plover (''Charadrius thoracicus''), also known as the black-banded plover, is a small (37 g) monogamous shorebird in the family Charadriidae, native to western Madagascar. It inhabits shores of lagoons, coastal grasslands, and br ...

'') (VU) and supports a breeding colony of Madagascan grebe ('' Tachybaptus pelzelnii'') (EN).

Towns and villages

Antanandranto Antanandranto, also Ankilibory, is a small town in southwest Madagascar. It lies southwest of the Lake Tsimanampetsotsa Lake Tsimanampetsotsa (french: Lac Tsimanampetsotsa) (also called Lake Tsimanampesotse) is a moderately Soda lake, alkalin ...

References

{{Authority control Tsimanampetsotsa Ramsar sites in Madagascar Tsimanampetsotsa National parks of Madagascar Atsimo-Andrefana